A Regents study shelfUS History and Government, topic by topic, to June

```element timeline
{
  "caption": "Civil rights, from *Brown* to the Voting Rights Act",
  "events": [
    {
      "date": "1954-05-17",
      "title": "*Brown v. Board of Education*",
      "body": "A unanimous Supreme Court rules segregated public schools unconstitutional, overturning *Plessy*’s “separate but equal” in education."
    },
    {
      "date": "1955-12-05",
      "end": "1956-12-20",
      "title": "Montgomery bus boycott",
      "body": "Begun after Rosa Parks’s arrest; it ends once the Supreme Court upholds a ruling against segregated buses."
    },
    {
      "date": "1957-09-25",
      "title": "The Little Rock Nine",
      "body": "Nine Black students enter Central High School under the protection of federal troops sent by Eisenhower."
    },
    {
      "date": "1960-02-01",
      "title": "Greensboro sit-in",
      "body": "Four students sit at a whites-only lunch counter; sit-ins spread across the South."
    },
    {
      "date": "1963-08-28",
      "title": "March on Washington",
      "body": "About 250,000 people; Martin Luther King Jr. gives the “I Have a Dream” speech."
    },
    {
      "date": "1964-01-23",
      "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment ratified",
      "body": "Poll taxes are banned in federal elections."
    },
    {
      "date": "1964-07-02",
      "title": "Civil Rights Act",
      "body": "Signed by Lyndon Johnson: bans discrimination in public accommodations and employment."
    },
    {
      "date": "1965-03-07",
      "title": "“Bloody Sunday” at Selma",
      "body": "State troopers attack marchers on the Edmund Pettus Bridge."
    },
    {
      "date": "1965-08-06",
      "title": "Voting Rights Act",
      "body": "Suspends literacy tests and brings federal oversight of registration where discrimination had kept Black voters off the rolls."
    }
  ]
}
```

```element flashcards
{
  "title": "Four Warren Court cases",
  "cards": [
    {
      "question": "What did **Gideon v. Wainwright** (1963) decide?",
      "answer": "A state must provide a lawyer to anyone charged with a felony who cannot afford one: the Sixth Amendment right to counsel, applied to the states through the Fourteenth."
    },
    {
      "question": "What did **Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States** (1964) uphold?",
      "hint": "Which power of Congress?",
      "answer": "The Civil Rights Act’s ban on discrimination in public accommodations, as a use of Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce."
    },
    {
      "question": "What did **Miranda v. Arizona** (1966) require?",
      "answer": "Before questioning a suspect in custody, police must warn of the right to remain silent and the right to a lawyer; statements taken without the warnings cannot be used in the prosecution’s case."
    },
    {
      "question": "What did **Tinker v. Des Moines** (1969) protect?",
      "hint": "Black armbands.",
      "answer": "Students’ right to wear black armbands against the Vietnam War: under the First Amendment a school may not ban expression unless it would substantially disrupt the school."
    }
  ]
}
```